{"id":16761,"date":"2024-06-17T10:21:46","date_gmt":"2024-06-17T08:21:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/massacres-shoah-by-firing-squads\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T16:15:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T14:15:40","slug":"massacres-shoah-by-firing-squads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/massacres-shoah-by-firing-squads\/","title":{"rendered":"Massacres – Shoah by Firing Squads"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Beginning with the Occupation of Poland in 1939, and especially after Hitler\u2019s invasion of the USSR in June 1941, between 1.5 and 2 million Jews were killed during pogroms and later by German forces and their collaborators.<\/p>

These mass killings are referred to as the \u201cShoah by bullets.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    After Hitler\u2019s Occupation of Poland on September 1, 1939, the country became a veritable testing ground for the extermination of Eastern European Jews. In November 1939, approximately 500 men, women, and children were executed in mass graves outside the town of Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka. <\/p>


<\/p>\n

   In the wake of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, pogroms\u2014carried out by a segment of the population\u2014became increasingly frequent in Ukraine, Poland, Romania, and Lithuania.<\/p>\n

The massacres intensified with the intensive operations of the Einsatzgruppen, Hitler\u2019s intervention groups and commandos. Nazi propaganda made its target clear: Judeo-Bolshevism. <\/p>


<\/p>\n

   The Einsatzgruppen were actively assisted by numerous local volunteer units. Their actions constituted the first phase of the Shoah. This phase began with mass shootings and later involved the use of mobile gas trucks, the Gaswagen. <\/p>


<\/p>\n

   Initially, these militarized units of the political police accompanied the German army in eliminating Bolsheviks, potential opponents, Jews, and Gypsies.<\/p>


<\/p>\n

   Beginning in August 1941, the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators focused primarily on Jews. 23,600 Jews\u2014men, women, and children, mainly from Hungarian Transcarpathia\u2014were murdered near the town of Kamenets-Podolski. In Ukraine, in addition to the Babi Yar massacre (33,771 victims thrown into a ravine), 50,000 Jews from the city of Odessa and its surrounding region were exterminated in Bogdanovka. <\/p>


<\/p>\n

   In the Baltic States, Belarus, and Crimea, Jews were shot and buried in mass graves that they were often forced to dig themselves. In Lithuania, for example, the Jews of Vilnius, the \u201cJerusalem of the North,\u201d accounted for 45% of the city\u2019s total population. Between 1941 and 1942, in the Ponar Forest (Ponary or Poneriai), nearly all of the Jews of Vilnius, lined up naked around the pits, were killed by pistol or machine gun fire. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nearly half of the 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis were exterminated during the mass killings in Eastern Europe (\u201cShoah by bullets\u201d).<\/p>


<\/p>\n

   During the industrialization of the extermination of Jews by gassing, at least 1.3 million people were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Nearly one million European Jews were murdered there (including 69,000 Jews from France), as well as Roma. <\/p>


<\/p>\n

   Jews accounted for 90% of the victims at Auschwitz-Birkenau. This camp was not the only extermination center, but it has become a symbol of Nazi barbarism.  <\/p>

He was liberated by the Red Army on January 27, 1945.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

References:<\/strong><\/p>

\u2014 Raul Hilberg, 2006, *The Destruction of the European Jews<\/em>*, Paris, Gallimard. <\/p>

\u2014 Henri Minczeles, 2000, *Vilna, Wilno, Vilnius*<\/em>, Paris: Ed. La D\u00e9couverte. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Beginning with the Occupation of Poland in 1939, and especially after Hitler\u2019s invasion of the USSR in June 1941, between 1.5 and 2 million Jews were killed during pogroms and later by German forces and their collaborators. These mass killings are referred to as the \u201cShoah by bullets.\u201d     After Hitler\u2019s Occupation of Poland […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"salle":[174],"source":[],"zone-geo":[],"class_list":["post-16761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-notes","salle-6-2-the-massacres-of-jews-in-eastern-europe"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16761"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16763,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16761\/revisions\/16763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16761"},{"taxonomy":"salle","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/salle?post=16761"},{"taxonomy":"source","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/source?post=16761"},{"taxonomy":"zone-geo","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/zone-geo?post=16761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}