{"id":16585,"date":"2024-05-16T12:17:43","date_gmt":"2024-05-16T10:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/musee\/execution-of-hostages\/3-various-forms-of-resistance-reprisals-executions-of-hostages\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T15:48:58","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:48:58","slug":"3-various-forms-of-resistance-reprisals-executions-of-hostages","status":"publish","type":"musee","link":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/musee\/execution-of-hostages\/3-various-forms-of-resistance-reprisals-executions-of-hostages\/","title":{"rendered":"3 &#8211; Various Forms of Resistance. Reprisals. Executions of Hostages"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"16585\" class=\"elementor elementor-16585 elementor-1992\" data-elementor-post-type=\"musee\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-735ebd0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"735ebd0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e911607 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e911607\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0cc8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0cc8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-body corps\"><p dir=\"ltr\">In August 1941, Artur <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"17124\">London<\/a>, a member of the Czechoslovak group and one of the national co-leaders of the <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16974\">M.O.I.<\/a>, was tasked with organizing the <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16757\">German Work<\/a>(TA), a particularly sensitive undertaking.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">  The organization, established by the Communist Party nine months earlier, has three main anti-Hitler objectives:<\/p><ul><li dir=\"ltr\">intelligence gathering by infiltrating the German army (the Wehrmacht),<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\">the desertion of German soldiers,<\/li><li dir=\"ltr\">the demoralization of the occupying forces.<\/li><\/ul><p dir=\"ltr\">  German anti-Nazi refugees and German-speaking Resistance fighters took part in the TA. Young Jewish women played an important role in it. <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">The TA continued its activities until the fall of 1943, when the reactivated German Communist Party took over its leadership.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">At the same time,<a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16753\">the \u201cRed Orchestra<\/a>,\u201d an anti-Nazi military intelligence network linked to the USSR and composed mainly of Jews\u2014both men and women\u2014was active in Europe. The group was dismantled by the <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16798\">Gestapo<\/a> in 1942. <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">As early as September 1941, the leadership of the clandestine <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16865\">Jewish section<\/a> of the M.O.I. embarked on a new form of resistance. The first plan of action to <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16749\">sabotage<\/a> goods intended for the Germans was devised by Jewish glove makers, knitters, carpenters, and furriers, the vast majority of whom were union members. <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">In Paris, that same month of September 1941 (and continuing through June 1942), the Occupation forces launched a virulently anti-Semitic exhibition titled \u201cThe Jew and France.\u201d The event was sponsored by<a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16756\">the Institute for the Study of Jewish Issues<\/a> and supported by Nazi <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16744\">propaganda<\/a> agencies; its aim was to blame the Jews for France\u2019s past and present misfortunes. <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">Anti-Semitic persecution continues to intensify. The clandestine Jewish section of the M.O.I. is a particular target. Following the attack carried out by Pierre Georges, <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16840\">Vichy<\/a> presented the Germans with its draft emergency law, which provided for the establishment of a special court and the death penalty for communist activities.  <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">Jews were guillotined or shot for selling <em>*Unzer Wort*<\/em>, distributing anti-Nazi <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16832\">leaflets<\/a>, or simply \u201cspreading communist ideas.\u201d The Nazis retaliated very quickly following the execution of two German officers in Nantes and Bordeaux by members of the Resistance. Between October 22 and 24, 1941, 48 hostages were shot in Ch\u00e2teaubriant, Nantes, and <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16752\">Mont-Val\u00e9rien<\/a> near Paris, and 50 near Bordeaux.  <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">This marked the beginning of the policy of executing hostages, targeting primarily communists and Jews. Nazi ideology, promoted by the Vichy regime, relentlessly repeated the refrain of <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16768\">\u201cJudeo-Bolshevism<\/a>,\u201d which combined <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"17027\">anti-Semitism<\/a> and anti-communism. <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"> <\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">Speaking from London, General <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"17114\">de Gaulle<\/a> stated that the attacks against the Germans were justified but premature. This stance, described as<a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16764\">\u201cwait-and-see\u201d<\/a> <strong> <\/strong>by the Communists, including those of the M.O.I.<strong>,<\/strong> is endorsed by certain groups within the <a href=\"#\" data-note=\"16740\">domestic Resistance<\/a><strong> <\/strong>of various denominations.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">But all members of the Resistance\u2014whether communists or not\u2014organized into underground groups, share a common goal: to liberate France from Nazism.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d52b6ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d52b6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1e37d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-child-list\" data-id=\"c1e37d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"child-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<style>.elementor-element-c1e37d9 .eap-child-list:not(.eap-child-list-style-2) .icon {bottom:-30px} .elementor-element-c1e37d9 .eap-child-list.eap-child-list-style-2 .icon {right:-30px} @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {.elementor-element-c1e37d9 .eap-child-list.eap-child-list-style-2 .icon {bottom: -30px; left: 50%; top: auto; transform: translateY(+50%) translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); right: auto;}<\/style>\r\n\t<div class=\"eap-child-list eap-child-list-style-1\">\r\n\t    \t<div class=\"item-child current-page\"><div class=\"ct\">\r\n    \t\t<div class=\"item-child--top \">\r\n        \t\t        \t\t<div class=\"title titre-numero\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/musee\/execution-of-hostages\/3-various-forms-of-resistance-reprisals-executions-of-hostages\/\">3 &#8211; Various Forms of Resistance. Reprisals. Executions of Hostages<\/a><\/div>\r\n        \t<\/div>\r\n    \t\t    \t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\r\n    \t<\/div>\r\n \t\t    \t<div class=\"item-child \"><div class=\"ct\">\r\n    \t\t<div class=\"item-child--top \">\r\n        \t\t        \t\t<div class=\"title titre-numero\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/musee\/execution-of-hostages\/2-the-massacres-of-jews-in-eastern-europe\/\">2 &#8211; The Massacres of Jews in Eastern Europe<\/a><\/div>\r\n        \t<\/div>\r\n    \t\t    \t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\r\n    \t<\/div>\r\n \t\t    \t<div class=\"item-child \"><div class=\"ct\">\r\n    \t\t<div class=\"item-child--top \">\r\n        \t\t        \t\t<div class=\"title titre-numero\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/musee\/execution-of-hostages\/1-anti-german-attacks-roundup-in-pariss-11th-arrondissement\/\">1 &#8211; Anti-German attacks. Roundup in Paris&#8217;s 11th arrondissement<\/a><\/div>\r\n        \t<\/div>\r\n    \t\t    \t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-caret-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 320 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\r\n    \t<\/div>\r\n \t\t\t<\/div>\r\n    \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f68cf6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f68cf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"contenu\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad17cb7 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop_post\" data-id=\"ad17cb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:250}\" data-widget_type=\"loop_post.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eap-loop-post list-doc\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"eap-loop-post-modal modal_swiper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"modal_swiper-close\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 40 40\"><path d=\"M10,10 L30,30 M30,10 L10,30\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In August 1941, Artur London, a member of the Czechoslovak group and one of the national co-leaders of the M.O.I., was tasked with organizing the German Work(TA), a particularly sensitive undertaking. The organization, established by the Communist Party nine months earlier, has three main anti-Hitler objectives: intelligence gathering by infiltrating the German army (the Wehrmacht), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":16587,"parent":16429,"template":"","class_list":["post-16585","musee","type-musee","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/musee\/16585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/musee"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/musee"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/musee\/16585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16605,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/musee\/16585\/revisions\/16605"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/musee\/16429"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.museemrjmoi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}